Abstract
Introduction
A realistic phantom created from a three-dimensional (3D)-reconstructed digital patient
model would enable researchers to investigate the morphological aspects of the pathological
spine, thereby resolving the issue of scarce cadaveric specimens. We designed a patient-specific,
human-like, reliable, and cost-effective prototype of the examined pathological spine
through open-source editing software analysis, a desktop 3D printer, and alginate
material. We aimed to validate that the major surgical steps and anatomy replicated
the real surgery as it would be conducted in actual patients.
Materials and Methods
We cover the fundamental principles and procedures involved in 3D printing, from spine
imaging to phantom manufacturing. Three representative simulation cases were included
in the study. All phantoms were sequentially evaluated by surgeons for fidelity. Following
each surgery, participants were given a survey that included 20 questions regarding
the fidelity of the training phantom.
Results
We validated this simulation model by analyzing neurosurgeons' performance on the
phantom trainer. Based on a 20-item survey to test content validity and reliability,
there was little variation among participants' ratings, and the feedback was consistently
positive. The gross appearance of the phantom was analogous to the cadaveric specimen
and the phantoms demonstrated an excellent ability to imitate the intraoperative condition.
The plastic material expenditure ranged from 170 to 470 g, and the alginate expenditure
was 450 g. The total cost of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) varied from $5.1
to $17.6 ($0.03 per gram of ABS), whereas the total cost of alginate was $14.3. The
average cost of our phantoms was approximately $25.7, and the 3D printer used in this
study costs approximately $200.
Conclusions
The basic properties of this phantom were similar to cadaveric tissue during manipulation.
We believe our phantoms have the potential to improve skills and minimize risk for
patients when integrated into trainee education.
Keywords
3D printing - CAD - alginate - phantom trainer - validity
